What Are the Four Organic Molecules Found in Living Things? Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen chemically linked to one another in long chains, with carbon as the backbone and hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms. These atoms' ability to attach to one another allows for the creation of innumerable compounds conducive to life. All organisms need four types of organic molecules: nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids; life cannot exist if any of these molecules are missing. Nucleic Acids. The nucleic acids are DNA and RNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, respectively. They make the proteins that are present in almost every structure and perform almost every function in your body. DNA has a twisted ladder- like form, while RNA has many different shapes, depending on its function. DNA typically remains within the center, or nucleus, of a cell; RNA can travel throughout the cell to where it is needed. The backbones of both substances consist of alternating molecules of phosphate and sugar. Nucleotide bases make up the . Of the two types of nucleic acids, DNA is more stable, making it less likely to be broken down than RNA. Your genes are made up of DNA, and each gene provides the code for making a specific protein. RNA helps DNA to make these proteins. Proteins. Proteins are probably the most versatile of all the organic molecules, making up many structures and executing various functions within organisms. Building blocks called amino acids make up proteins. About 2. 0 different amino acids combine to form all of the various types of proteins on Earth. These amino acids all have almost the exact same composition; the only difference is the R group, which differs in each of the amino acids and gives them their uniqueness. When a protein is made, the protein comes together one amino acid at a time within the ribosome - - a structure that houses protein synthesis. Proteins have four levels of structure: The primary structure is the bonding of amino acids to one another; the secondary structure refers to the folds in certain areas within the protein; the tertiary structure is the ultimate three- dimensional look of the protein; and the quaternary structure consists of smaller protein subunits chemically bonded together to form a larger protein. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates comprise the largest number of organic molecules in organisms. Basically, carbohydrates are sugars; their origin can be traced to photosynthesis, the process by which organisms such as plants use sunlight to transform carbon dioxide and water into food. The simplest sugar is glucose, a molecule used to provide fuel for many types of organisms, including humans. The sugars found in foods include: fructose in fruits, galactose in milk, maltose in vegetables and sucrose in table sugar. The starch found in whole grains and vegetables is a complex carbohydrate made of chains of simpler glucose molecules. Your body contains an enzyme called amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates in the food you eat into glucose, which your cells can use as energy. Lipids. Lipids, perhaps better known as fats, come in different forms in your body and contain the most energy of all the organic compounds. When your body burns lipids for fuel, you get more energy than if you burned the other organic molecules. In your body, fats perform many functions, taking the form of phospholipids and cholesterol, both important components of cell membranes; waxes that provide plants and animals with a protective layer; hormones that signal different functions in your body; vitamins that aid in different cell functions; and steroids, which are important in a number of physiological processes. Fats from animals tend to be more viscous than fats from plants. About the Author. Ho- Diep Dinh has been writing since 2. 2 Structural Organic Chemistry The Shapes of Molecules Functional. Learn about the types of organic compounds and get examples of important organic molecules in chemistry and biology. The three major groups of lipids are. Volatile Organic Compounds can be found in a range of places. There are three distinct groups of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Functional Groups in Organic Compounds. The idea for this was to present the various organic compounds that pupils. I’ve also produced three teaching. Organic Chemistry/Biochemistry 1: Compounds Important to. She is a contributing writer on e. How and Answerbag, specializing in topics such as human health and the prevention and treatment of diseases. Dinh received her Bachelor of Science in physiology from the University of California at Davis. Photo Credits Hemera Technologies/Photos. Organic compounds were.Which is bonded to three other. As with other types of organic compounds. Of the simple organic compounds that. Organic Compounds in Chemistry: Types, Groups & Examples Next Lesson. What are Simple Organic Compounds in Chemistry?
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